• info@escientificpublishers.com

Review Article
Volume 1 Issue 1 - 2018
Alphabetical Incisions – A Review
Sathish Hs1*, Rashmi Tm2, Mithun B3 and Narmada Mg4
1Professor, Department of Shalya Tantra, Indian Institute of Ayurved Research & Hospital, Rajkot, Gujarat
2Assistant Professor, Department of Kayachikitsa, Indian Institute of Ayurved Research & Hospital, Rajkot, Gujarat
3Professor, Department of Shalakya Tantra, ALN Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa, Karnataka
4Professor, Department of Shalya Tantra, Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Bangalore
*Corresponding Author: Sathish Hs, Associate Professor, Department Of Shalya Tantra, Indian Institute Of Ayurved Research and Hospital, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
Received: December 13, 2018; Published: December 26, 2018
Abstract
Incisions are the primary step of almost all invasive procedures, as each and every surgery gets initiated by certain specific shaped incision on a specific site for rectifying the underlying pathology. Apart from the detailed narration mentioned in Ancient Ayurvedic surgical texts, no other concrete historical contribution is available. Surgical science has evolved enormously over the years and numerous surgical procedures have been added with the prime focus of aiding the ill. With this stupendous growth, several incisions are also being invented analogous to various shapes of letter, object, animal, and fruit. This review details on the incisions evolved based on the shape of specific English Alphabet.
Keywords: Incision; Alphabet
Introduction
Incision is one of the widely used surgical procedure practiced across globe. Almost all surgeries across departments of surgery gets initiated by incision. A number of incision types have been detailed in various surgical texts and new incisions are being invented over the period of years for attaining specific target oriented goals with best post-operative outcomes.
The earliest, systematic and detailed written record about Incisions are traced from Ancient Indian Ayurvedic Surgical Text – Sushruta Samhita, the author of which is widely lauded as “Father of Indian Surgery”. This text details variety of incisions based on location or site of the body giving due respect to the law of nature for uncomplicated healing. Based on site, the incisions are classified into three major categories as Tiryak [Oblique] [1], Chandramandala [Circular/Oval] and Ardha Chandra [Semicircular] [1], the sites of which are shown in Table No.1. Apart from these types, certain other types of incisions are described in the context of surgical management of fistulous track, they being Langhalaka [‘T’ Shaped], Ardhalangalaka [‘Inverted L’ Shaped], Sarvatobhadraka [Bracket shaped], Go theerthaka [Longitudinal], Kharjura Patraka [Serrated] [2,3]. In these periods incisions were designated based on the shape of certain object or part of a plant or animal.
The consequent period saw a mammoth growth in advancement of surgical techniques and influence of technology in surgery resulting in various modifications and improvisations in the older techniques. A numerous incisions are developed in post Sushruta’s period based on the English Alphabetics, mainly these analogies are easy for perception and application. This literary review will analyze the incisions developed based on Alphabetics and its research pattern.
Aim & Objective
To compile and analyze the incisions named after Alphabetics
Method
The search was performed in September 2018 using Google Scholar. Search items were ‘Shaped Incision’ with prefix of each English Alphabet. No time frame was kept for search and selection of studies. Only articles containing the surgical procedure with specific Alphabet shaped incision were included. Multiple articles with same site of incision of the designated shape are excluded.
Observation & Discussion
Basic characteristics of a proper incision is to provide an adequate access to the procedure intended, wide enough to complete the drainage, evenly dividing the tissues and which does not involve or injure the vital structure and lastly with due respect to the time of surgery.[5] The results the searches are tabulated in Table No.1 wherein number of studies screened, site on which specific alphabetical incision is practiced and name of certain procedures relating to the subject are mentioned. The list explains various sites for each specific shape of alphabet, and only one procedure for each site has been mentioned as an example. In a specific site several procedures can be performed, the structures involved in that site can be accessed for correcting any pathological event. Hence number of procedures to a specific site varies in relation to underlying structures in it. In ancient Indian Medicinal period, incisions were named after articles which were routinely used in day to day activities, be an object or a material or grain based on unique method of teaching as Analogical method. This is one of the best forms of perceiving knowledge among the forms cited in Ancient Vedic treatises.
Analogies facilitate both in teaching and learning aspects as in these aid in translating medical or surgical concepts into well-known or practiced facts, enables the medicos to perceive the subject in a better form. With the advancement of science and development of surgical science many analogous shapes have been evolved which simulate the letter of English language. An incision should offer adequate operating space without hindering the vital structures in the vicinity and should be sufficient enough to relieve the pathological lesions or event in the site of the procedure. These incisions indicate they have been developed observing the due respect to the principles of surgery. The knowledge of the specific letter shaped incision serves its role as a mnemonic and educational module.
Along with shape its quality also has a role in acceptance of surgical outcome in a patient. All the shapes of incision discussed in this study follow a linear or sequential pattern and provides the adequate surgical field. Specifications and measurements of incision should be precise and according to the site of surgery, underlying pathology, surgical outcome, cosmetic appearance. The incision type or shape has also its impact on patient persuasion for the proposed surgery.
Reasons behind the shapes
The basic reason behind development of the incision is mainly minimal tissue injury with significant surgical outcome. The next reason is analogy, a science or form of teaching which has lost its glory in the recent periods. Shapes follow a linear shape pattern with no serrated or superfluous bent or curves. There are certain shapes which are used in numerous sites like the shape of ‘I’ and few other shapes can be utilized in only few sites.
Limitation of the Study
Among all these incisions, the inception of each letter shaped incision could not be retrieved. The first scientific published article on the subject cannot be considered as the sole authority or date on which such incision is being developed.
Conclusion
A best incision plays a vital role in surgical outcome. Incision must provide sufficient field for the procedure, it should be even in depth, should enable easy differentiation of structures incised with the underlying structures and lastly it should not injure the vital structures. Shapes of these alphabetical incisions adhere to Langer’s lines.
Sr. No. Shape Site Procedures
1 A Shaped Incision [n-77] Anterior Vaginal wall, Below urethral meatus, on Sclera, lower border of the jaw, Heart Urethral reconstruction [6], Vaginal reconstruction [7], Neoplasms of the tongue [8], Repair wound of the heart [9]
2 B Shaped Incision [n-3] Upper and Central Breast Tumors of Breast [Regnault B Technique or Grisotti flap] [10]
3 C shaped Incision [n-635] Cochlea, Axilla, Sacral region, Scalp, interphalangeal joint, bilateral nasal septal mucosa, Post auricular region, frontal region, Occipital region, Retrosigmoid approach, hand, anal verge, Umbilicus, Portal pedicle, Scrotum, Epicanthus, Second and third left costal cartilages, Coronal suture line, At the level of S4-S5, Supraclavicular region, mastoid region, ventral aspect of hip, dorsum of wrist, Operculum, Urethral diverticulum, Anterior vaginal wall,, lower eyelid Cochlear implant surgery [11], Sentinel node biopsy [Breast carcinoma] [12], Sacral tumors [13], lateral cranial base surgery [14], Deep brain stimulation [DBS] surgery [15]. Glomus tumor surgery [16], interphalangeal joint arthroplasty [17], Pituitary adenomas [18], Vestibular Shwannoma surgery [19], Intraventricular drug administration in Meningiosis, Inferior cerebellar artery anastomosis [20], Microvascular decompression in Idiopathic Hemifacial spasm [21], Segmental aponeurectomy, Dupuytren’s disease [22], Anal stenosis [23], SITUS surgery in radical nephrectomy [24], Infratemporal tumors [25], Hepatomy [26], Hypospodiasis [27], medical epicanthoplasty [28], Ear reconstruction [29], metallic foreign body removal [30], Transsacral Cystectomy [31], Upper plexus injury [32], Cortical Resection [33], Synovial Chondromatosis Surgery [34], Chondromyxoid fibroma [35], Femoral head prosthesis [36], tendon transplants for radial and ulnar nerve paralysis [37], formen magnum tumors [38], dacrocystorhinostomy [39], Urethral diverticula surgery [40], Branchial cleft fistula surgery [41], Vesicovaginal fistula surgery [42], maxillectomy [43] Eyelid rotation flap [44]
4 D shaped Incision [n-33] Anterior capsule of eye, Midline in between gluteal region, Breast, Posterolateral neck, Upper incisor tooth, Bronchus, Nail matrix Capsular shrinkage and intraocular lens design [45], Pilonidal sinus surgery [46], Mastectomy [47], regional lymphadenectomy [48], Trans-oral Maxillectomy [49], Endobronchial tumor resection surgery [50], Intranasal Dacrocystostomy [51], Prune belly syndrome surgery [52], Traumatic disorders of nail [53]
5 E shaped Incision [n-3] Flexor tendons of hand Tenoplasty [54]
6 F shaped Incision [n-7] Hard palate, Outer border of rectus abdominus muscle Nasopharyngeal fibroma [55], bile duct surgery [56]
7 G shaped Incision [n-2] Temporal region of Head, Inter arytenoids cleft Venous graft for insufficient superficial temporal artery [57], repair posterior laryngeal cleft [58]
8 H shaped Incision [n-520] Penis, Outer layer of dura, lumbar region, neck, Perineum, Trachea, Hand, Calf, Femoral joint capsule, dorsum of finger Peyronie’s disease surgery [59], revascularization in Moyamoya disease [60], surgery for anterior interbody lumbar fusion [61], radical neck dissection for differentiated thyroid cancer [62], Sigmoid vaginoplasty [63], Ileocecal vaginal construction [64], Paediatric tracheostomies [65], Tracheostomy [66], Mallet finger fracture surgery [67], anatomic study of intermuscular septum of leg [68], Femoral prosthesis [69], Arterial flap [70]
9 I shaped Incision [n-174] Gums, Pulmonary vein, Dorsum of penis, Third or fourth tracheal ring, Vessel wall, Sacral region, Pericardium, neck, angle of jaw, nasal mucosa, nasopharyngeal mucosa, Left coastal margin, Gluteal fascia, eyelid, Umbilicus, right coastal margin, Axis of the femoral neck, anatomical snuff box, Perineum Implant surgery [71], Pulomonary vein obstruction [72], Peyronie’s disease surgery [73], Post laryngectomy speech surgery [74], Vessel wall suturing [75], Sacral tumors [76], Pericardiectomy [77], Pharyngo- oesophago- laryngectomy [78], Parotidectomy [79], Posterior choanal atresia [80], Clival tumor surgery [81], Dacrocystorhinostomy [82], Splenectomy [83], Gluteal fascial transposition for trochanteric bursitis [84], Autopsy incisions [85], Cilia transplant [86], Total laparoscopic gastrectomy [87] Right side Hepatectomy [88], surgical treatment for femoroacetabular impingement [89], Partial or total Laryngectomy with tracheostomy [90], replacement of Trapezium [91], Reconstruction of Perineoscrotal region [92]
10 J shaped Incision [n-679] Subcostal region, lower abdomen, uterus, Perineum, Behind fibula, fourth intercostal space, midline above the pubis symphysis, Parallel to right inguinal ligament, Achilles insertion, upper midline from subxiphoid region, subtalar joint space, aortic sinus margin, Right and left lower quadrant of abdomen, Pulmonary vein, Groin, ascending aorta, Medial border of tendo calcaneus, lens, Breast, distal phalanx, distal end of humerus, 10th to 12th rib, Lateral aspect of neck, Anterior to tibia, elbow, conchal region,, posterior to medial malleolus, over sacral promontory, pulp of finger, posterior uterine wall, Cervical spinuous processes, upper 1,2, and 3 ribs, knee Liver transplantation [93], Right hepatectomy [94], Vaginal Hysterectomy for Cervical Carcinoma [95], Surgical procedure for Placenta previa [96], Mediolateral Episiotomy [97], Right trisegmentectomy for Hepatic haemangioma [98], Surgery for recurrent instability of the ankle [99], Aorticl valve surgery [100], Kidney transplantation [101], Portal vein ligation [102], Ovarian transplant [103], Surgery for Achilles tendinitis [104]. Cochlear implants [105], Right hemicolectomy [106], Subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis [107], Surgery for aortic stenosis [108], Repair of ventral incisional hernia [109], finger pulp infections [110], transposition of great arteries [111], Extraperitoneal lymph node dissection [112], Insertion of Bjork-Shiley aortic prosthesis [113], Correction of equinus deformity [114]. Phacoemulsification [115], Mastopexy [116], management of subungual keratocanthoma [117], surgery for distal humerus fractures [118], Repair for vesicovaginal fistula [119], extended digital sympathectomy [120], retroperitoneal surgeries [121], Surgery for Pulmonary tuberculosis [122], repair of calcaneal fractures [123], Transhiatal oesophagectomy [124], reconstruction of anterior talofibular ligament [125], debridement of osteoarthritis [126], conjoined twin delivery [127], bone peg grafting for osteochondritis [128], surgical correction for pinna malformation [129], Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft surgery [130], Lagged syndesmotic fixation [131] mammoplasty [132], robotic ventral rectopexy [133], surgery for torsion of gravid uterus [134], resection of primary carcinoma of lung [135], J-Lift/Internal face-lift [136], nerve sparing bilateral extravesical detrusorrhaphy [137], surgical correction of congenital anomalies of spine [138], Thoracoplasty [139], Surgical correction of cruciate ligament injuries [140], Iliac lymph node resection [141]
11 K shaped Incision [n-1] Upper lip Vermilion reconstruction [142]
12 L shaped Incision [n-1,560] Manubrium sterni, centre of Popliteus muscle, Pronator quadrates muscle, Pleura and intercostals muscles, right lower lateral crus of nose, Calcaneum, neck, interartenoid region, Subscapularis muscle, frontal region of head, right upper quandrant, body of mandible, parallel to piriformis tendon, in pes fascia, elbow joint, Resection of apical chest tumors [143], Reduction of tibial plateau fractures [144], Distal radius fractures [145], surgical approach to upper thoracic spine [146] , surgical correction for nasal tip [147], Internal fixation of calcaneal fractures [148], resection of lesions at craniocervical region [149], Hemilaryngectomy [150], surgical correction of shoulder instability [151], right hemicolectomy [152], excision of pineal region tumors [153], radical en bloc resection of lung cancer [154], lesions of upper basilar artery [155], Treatment of carcinoma of ampulla of vater [156], Thoraco-abdominal nephrectomy [157], humeral avulsion of glenohumeral ligament repair [158], repair of temporomandibular joint ankylosis [159], total arthroplasty [160], excision of cervicothoracic neuroblastoma [161], cruciate ligament repair [162] correction no facial condylar fractures [163], Pectoralis major transfer for paralysis of elbow [164], Aortic arch reconstruction [165], calcaneal osteotomy [166],
13 M shaped Incision [n-44] Glans penis, Auricle, posterior fossa dura, Behind anterior hair line near temporal area, waistline, hard palate, parallel to superior petrosal sinus, perineum, Sublabial sulcus, Gluteal region, base of zygoma proceeding along the inferior rim of the orbit, Sclera, in the mucosa at the junction of tongue, Scalp, Gluteus medius, Elbow Glansplasty [167], Auricular reconstruction [168], Auditory midbrain implantation [169], Malarplasty [170], Abdominoplasty [171], Implant esthetics [172], Excision of vestibular shwannomas [173], Vaginal reconstruction [174], cleft lip surgery [175], Surgery for saddlebag deformity [‘M’ shaped thigh lift] [176] Neo-yoke repair for severe hypospadias [177], resection of squamous cell carcinoma [178], Urethroplasty repair [179],Vitrectomy [180], Surgery for scleroma pharynx [181], Cataract surgery [182], Alopecia reduction [183], Total hip arthroplasty [184], Repair of nerve injuries at the elbow [185], Correction of Gender dysphoria [186]
14 N shaped Incision [n-18] Retroauricular area, site of stoma, anterior and posterior walls of distal stomach, Scalp, Perineum, Trachea, Parotid region Excision of Menigiomas involving the clivus [187], Suture rings for heart valves [188], Ileo-cutaneous ureterostomy [189], reconstruction after subtotal gastrectomy [190], Decompressive craniectomy [191], Perineorrhaphy [192], Bjork flap [193], Surgery for Benign lesions of Parotid gland [194]
15 O shaped Incision [n-4] Around formed tracheotomy Surgery for Thyroid papillary carcinoma invading trachea [195]
16 P shaped Incision [n-0] No human study reported
17 Q shaped Incision [n-3] Scalp Trephining [196]
18 R shaped Incision [n-0] No study reported
19 S shaped Incision [n-1,530] Ascending aorta, cranium, distal phalanx, lateral border of gastrocnemius muscle, Hard palate, Retroperitoneal region, Popliteal fossa, supraauricular area, Anterior to helix, lateral orbital wall, Scalp, Inguinal region, Subcostal region, thumb metacarpophalangeal joint, palate, alveolar ridge, trapeziometacarpal joint,, apex of axilla to inframammary skin crease, eyebrow, retroauricular area, Aortic annulus, dorsum of penis, extending from mastoid process, interarytenoid cleft, anus, posterior aspect of deltoid, middle of sacrum, wrist joint, patellar region, Umbillicus, Aortoplasty [197], Surgery of intracranial meningioma [198], operative treatment of mallet fractures [199], Groin dissection for penile carcinoma [200], treatment of posterior coronal fracture of the lateral tibial plateau [201], Inguinal Lymphadenectomy [202], Management of temporal bone fracture [203], Surgery for nasopharyngeal angiofibroma [204], surgery for retroperitoneal sarcoma [205], Repair of ruptured posterior cruciate ligament [206], exposure of the foramen magnum [207], Parotidectomy [208], lateral orbitotomy [209], Corpus callosotomy [210], radical inguinal lymphadenectomy [211], bifrontal encephalogaleoperiosteal synangiosis [212], Hepaticojejunostomy [213], ligament replacement for instability of ulnar collateral ligament [214], Transpalatal approach to the skull base [215], endosseous dental implant [216], interpositinal arthroplasty [217] , Oncoplastic breast conserving surgery [218], surgery to orbital tumor [219], endoscopic microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm [220], enlargement of aortic annulus [221], repair of sciatic nerve [222], Surgery for inconspicuous penis, surgical management of brachial plexus injuries [223], repair of laryngeal cleft [224], inserting deep brain stimulators [225], S - plasty [226], triceps tendon transfer repair [227], augmented unilateral gluteoplasty [228], surgery for dorsal metacarpophalangeal dislocation [229], Partial patellectomy [230] Robotic assisted single-site cholecystectomy [231], Sternotomy [232],
20 T shaped Incision [n-2,100] Sternum, anterior capsule of Shoulder joint, Femoral neck, Groin, palatal gingival, Subcostal region, Thyroid cartilage, Promontory of sacrum, over the splenic flexure, cervical part of vagina, Anterior aspect of tongue, Temporalis muscle, Temporomandibular joint, Apex of Kyphosis, Inferior to chin, Forearm, left renal vein, Cervical dura, above zygomatic arch [233], base of jejuna mesentery, root of the penis, right parietal scalp parallel to hair roots, hip capsule, temporal fascia, back of the left atrium, Periosteum of the ileum [234], Along the radius bone, Ciliary body and iris, membranous portion of the diaphragm, Corpus cavernosum albuginea, Scalp, Trachea, lateral aspect of left colon [235], Coronary artery repair [236], T- plasty for shoulder instability [237], Cervical osteotomy [238], Groin dissection [239], Transpalatal distraction [240], Right hepatic lobectomy [241] , Thyroplasty [242], Suspension of rectum [243] , Laparoscopic adrenalectomy [244], Transvaginal mesh technique for pelvic organ prolapse, Glossopexy [245], Superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass [246], Median sternotomy [247], Anterior capsulolabral reconstruction [248], Temporomandibular joint ankylosis correction surgery [249], anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation of tuberculous spine [250], Neck dissection [251], Oral cavity reconstruction [252], Side-to-end renoportal anastomosis [253], excision of tumor of cervical spine [254], Internal hemipelvectomy [255], Portal-to-systemic venous shunt [256], Cavernous artery revascularization [257], Maxillary sinus reconstruction [258], omega lateral approach to hip [259], Lateral orbital decompression [260], pulmonary venous drainage surgery [261], Distal radial osteotomy [262], excision of tumors of the ciliary body and iris [263], Laparoscopic varicocelectomy [264], Transabdominal approach to coronary artery bypass [265], Al-Ghorabh shunt plus intracavernous tunneling [266], Multiple bur hole surgery for Moyamoya disease [267], Tracheotomy [268], Subtotal esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy [269], Anterior acromioplasty [270],
21 U shaped Incision [n- 3,130] Anterior vaginal wall, Perineum, Preauricular and retroauricular area, tip of the fibula, toe nail, basopharyngeal fascia [271], Knee joint, Right mastoid process, Anterior part of neck, below inferior pulmonary vein, Vulva, around urethral meatus, Medial to anterior superior iliac spine, anterior abdominal wall, nasal mucosa, beneath the umbilicus, labioclitoral sulcus, Pericardium [272], frontal sinus [273], bladder mucosa, margin of urethral plate [274], Hard palate, posterior wall of the bladder, fundus of tongue, suprasternal notch, upper margin of patella, mastoid region, above the isthmus of thyroid gland [275], volar plate, anterior margin of antihelix, vaginal introitus, lumbosacral area, from oesophagus to the cardia, parietal region, anterior chest wall, anterior to olfactory fossa, posterior surface of upper lip [276], lacrimal sac, around rectum, Pulmonary artery [277] , aponeurosis of calf muscle, Occipitofrontal region [278] Suprameatal transvaginal urethrolysis [279], Island flap anoplasty [280], Face lift surgery [281], Anatomic reconstruction of anterior talofibular ligament [282], removal of toe nail [283], Modified Ingelman-Sunberg operation for vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistula [284], Surgeries related to cruciate ligament [285], Pharyngogastric anastomosis [286], Partical cricoidectomy, Thyrotracheal anastomosis [287], Radical neck dissection [288], Bronchoplasty [289] , Vaginoplasty [290], repair of distal hypospadiasis [291], radical operation of epithelioma [292], reduction of surgery induced peritoneal adhesions [293], Dacrocystorhinostomy [294], Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy [295], clitoroplasty [296], prostatectomy [297], management of angiofibroma [298], Cystoplasty [299], high pharyngogastrostomy [300], Bilateral of cervical lymphadenectomy [301], radical neck dissection [302], volar plate arthroplasty [303], transvaginal rectocele repair [304], operative procedure for achalasia [305], surgery for phantosmia [306], anterior flap anastomosis [307], perineal prostatectomy [308], repair of rupture of Achilles tendon [309]
22 V shaped Incision [n-3,030] Around frenulum, Anal verge, Tongue, proximal forearm, posterior vaginal wall, anterior rectus sheath [310], dorsum of proximal phalanx, cystic duct, Sclera, bladder urothelium, distobuccal line [angle of second molar], aortic sinus [311], glans penis, base of umbilicus, temporal fascia, dura mater, limbus of eye, aorta, anterior wall of femoral artery, perineum, triceps tendon, parietal bone, scalp` Transpalatal distraction [312], Repair of tongue tie [313], Haemorrhoidectomy [314], repair of congenital macroglossia [315], Radial forearm flap [316], Rectocele repair [317], V-Y correction for varus deformity [318] , Cataract surgery [319], CBD exploration [320], Sclerotomy [321], Uretovesical anastomosis [322], impacted third molar tooth surgery [323], retropubic prostatectomy [324], hypospadias repair [325], Mitrofanoff procedure [326], reconstruction ofsupravalvar aortic stenosis [327], vaginal reconstruction [328], elbow-arthroplasty [329], distal scaphoidectomy [330], Genitoplasty [331]
23 W shaped Incision [n-170] Medial orbital wall, Labial wall, deviated nasal septum, dura mater, central hairline, columella, urethra, axilla, tendinous insertion of triceps, perineum, nasal bridge, base of penis, Correction of blowout fractures of orbital wall [332], dacrocystorhinostomy [333], Genioplasty [334], Septoplasty [335], decompression operation for the brain [336], cataract surgery [337], Forehead lift [338], cleft lip open rhinoplasty [339], Glanduloplasty [340], surgical repair of buried penis [341],
24 X shaped Incision [n-194] Auricle, trachea, perineum, umbilicus, hymen, posterior longitudinal ligament, Intervertebral disc, blind vaginal pouch [342], nasal fat pad, transatrial septum Keloid excision and reconstruction [343], starplasty [344], vaginal reconstruction [345], neoumbilicoplasty [346], repair of imperforate hymen [347], lumbar discectomy [348], abdominoplasty [349], dacrocystorhinoplasty [350], Disc repair system [351]
25 Y shaped Incision [n-1,380] Dura mater, sclera, breast, neck, McBurney’s point, inferior and superior left pulmonary vein, anal verge, antimesenteric border of small intestine, retroauricular region, perineum, temporalis muscle, Glans penis, periorbital region, urogenital sinus, body of sternum, detrusor muscle, distal palm, right atrium, anterior part of rib cage, lateral canthus, around parotid gland, pelvis, coronary sinus Intraocular lens fixation [352], Mastectomy [353], radical neck dissection [354], Y-appendicoplasty [355], pulmonary venous drainage [356], Fissurectomy [357], Strictureplasty [358], surgical management of enlarged clitoris [359], intubation in preterm babies [360],
26 Z shaped Incision [n-383] Intervertebral disc [361], Aerola, Popliteal fossa, posterior wall of the airway, bladder, ankle joint, metacarpophalangeal joints, proximal forearm, mastoid process, External ear, anterior aspect of elbow, umbilicus, gluteal fold, thigh, plantar fascia, Palmaris longus, Nipple reduction surgery [362], repair for popliteal artery entrapment syndrome [363], Laryngotracheal reconstruction [364], mastoidectomy [365], ear reconstruction [366], acetabular arthroplasty [367],
n – Refers to number of searches found
Table 1: Shape of Incision & its Analogies.
References
  1. Lazzeri D, Agostini T, Figus M, Nardi M, Spinelli G, Pantaloni M, Lazzeri S. The Contribution of Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC–50 AD) to Eyelid Surgery. Orbit. 2012 Jun 1;31(3):162-7.
  2. Bhishagratna KL, editor. An English translation of the Sushruta Samhita based on original Sanskrit text. Wilkin's Press; 1907. Vol 1 p.149.
  3. Sai Prasanna K and Prasad P.V.N.R.2017, Surgical Concepts of Sushrutha Samhita. Int J Recent Sci Res. 8(6), pp. 17299-17302. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2017.0806.0326
  4. Dudhamal T. Shalya Tantra-The Ayurvedic Surgical Branch–A Literary Review. Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, ISSN. 2014:2249-9598.
  5. Rashmi TM. Introduction to Upama. In: Upama – Analogies in Ayurveda. Thrissur: Kunnath Mana Ayurveda Publications; 2017.p. 1-15.
  6. Pidutti RW, George SW, Morales A. Correction of recurrent stress urinary incontinence by needle urethropexy with a vaginal wall sling. British journal of urology. 1994 Apr;73(4):418-22.
  7. Kayigil Ö, Biri A. Double forced sling by combining in situ vaginal wall and Infast pubic bone suburethral stabilization techniques: a new method. The Journal of urology. 2002 Jun 1;167(6):2481-3.
  8. Lister A. Experiences with the Lindner-Guist Operation. The British journal of ophthalmology. 1953 May;37(5):305.
  9. McArdle T. A Case Of Spear Wound Of The Heart: Operation And Recovery. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 2002 Mar 1;148(1):56-7.
  10. Frey M. A new technique of reduction mammaplasty: dermis suspension and elimination of medial scars. British journal of plastic surgery. 1999 Jan 1;52(1):45-51.
  11. Webb RL, Laszig R, Lehnhardt E, Pyman BC, Clark GM, Franz BK. Surgical complications with the cochlear multiple-channel intracochlear implant: experience at Hannover and Melbourne. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1991 Feb;100(2):131-6.
  12. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Galimberti V, Viale G, Zurrida S, Bedoni M, Costa A, De Cicco C, Geraghty JG, Luini A, Sacchini V. Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph-nodes. The Lancet. 1997 Jun 28;349(9069):1864-7.
  13. Zileli M, Hoscoskun C, Brastianos P, Sabah D. Surgical treatment of primary sacral tumors: complications associated with sacrectomy. Neurosurgical focus. 2003 Nov;15(5):1-8.
  14. Poe DS, Jackson CG, Glasscock ME, Johnson GD. Long?term results after lateral cranial base surgery. The Laryngoscope. 1991 Apr;101(4):372-8.
  15. Park YS, Kang JH, Kim HY, Kang DW, Chang WS, Kim JP, Chang JW. A combination procedure with double C-shaped skin incision and dual-floor burr hole method to prevent skin erosion on the scalp and reduce postoperative skin complications in deep brain stimulation. Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. 2011;89(3):178-84.
  16. Jackson CG, Glasscock ME, Harris PF. Glomus tumors: diagnosis, classification, and management of large lesions. Archives of Otolaryngology. 1982 Jul 1;108(7):401-6.
  17. Fahmy NR, Lavender A, Brew C. A conservative approach for proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2001 Jun;26(3):235-7.
  18. Yano S, Kawano T, Kudo M, Makino K, Nakamura H, Kai Y, Morioka M, Kuratsu JI. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach through the bilateral nostrils for pituitary adenomas. Neurologia medico-chirurgica. 2009;49(1):1-7.
  19. Fishman AJ, Marrinan MS, Golfinos JG, Cohen NL, Roland Jr JT. Prevention and management of cerebrospinal fluid leak following vestibular schwannoma surgery. The Laryngoscope. 2004 Mar;114(3):501-5.
  20. Katsuno M, Tanikawa R, Uemori G, Kawasaki K, Izumi N, Hashimoto M. Occipital artery-to-posterior inferior cerebellar artery anastomosis with multiple-layer dissection of suboccipital muscles under a reverse C-shaped skin incision. British journal of neurosurgery. 2015 May 4;29(3):401-5.
  21. Zhang KW, Shun ZT. Microvascular decompression by the retrosigmoid approach for idiopathic hemifacial spasm: experience with 300 cases. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1995 Aug;104(8):610-2.
  22. Andrew JG, Kay NR. Segmental aponeurectomy for Dupuytren’s disease: a prospective study. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1991 Jun;16(3):255-7.
  23. Brisinda G, Vanella S, Cadeddu F, Marniga G, Mazzeo P, Brandara F, Maria G. Surgical treatment of anal stenosis. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2009 Apr 28;15(16):1921.
  24. Nagele U, Walcher U, Herrmann TR. Initial experience with laparoscopic single-incision triangulated umbilical surgery (SITUS) in simple and radical nephrectomy. World journal of urology. 2012 Oct 1;30(5):613-8.
  25. Leonetti JP, Al-Mehy O, Eisenbeis JF, Carr Jr WC. Orbitocranial exposure in the management of infratemporal fossa tumors. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery. 1993 Oct;109(4):769-72.
  26. Strasberg SM, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG. Isolation of right main and right sectional portal pedicles for liver resection without hepatotomy or inflow occlusion. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2008 Feb 1;206(2):390-6.
  27. Smith DR, Blackfield HM. A Modification of the Blair Procedure for the Repair of Hypospadias1. The Journal of urology. 1948 Mar 1;59(3):404-13.
  28. Sa HS, Lee JH, Woo KI, Kim YD. A new method of medial epicanthoplasty for patients with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2012 Nov 1;119(11):2402-7.
  29. Xiao Q, Shujie W, Hongxing Z, Haiyue J, Qinghua Y, Dashan Y. Using a remnant ear to reconstruct the tragus in total ear reconstruction. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2009 Nov 1;62(11):1411-7.
  30. Davey WW, Parker GE. The surgical pursuit and removal of a metallic foreign body from the systemic venous circulation. British Journal of Surgery. 1947 Apr;34(136):392-5.
  31. KISHEV SV, Eaton JM, GLENN JF. Transsacral Cystectomy 1. British journal of urology. 1973 Aug;45(4):415-9.
  32. Bhandari PS, Deb P. Posterior approach for both spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve and triceps branch to axillary nerve for upper plexus injuries. The Journal of hand surgery. 2013 Jan 1;38(1):168-72.
  33. Hansebout RR. Surgery of epilepsy: current technique of cortical resection. Operative Neurosurgical Techniques, New York, Grune and Stratton. 1982:963-79.
  34. Gil-Salu JL, Lázaro R, Aldasoro J, Gonzalez-Darder JM. Giant solitary synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint with intracranial extension. Skull base surgery. 1998;8(2):99.
  35. Crocker M, Corns R, Bodi I, Zrinzo A, Gleeson M, Thomas N. Chondromyxoid fibroma of the skull base invading the occipitocervical junction: report of a unique case and discussion. Skull Base. 2010 Mar;20(2):101.
  36. Hutton WC, England JP. The femoral head prosthesis and the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 1969 Feb;10(2):79-85.
  37. Lamphier TA, Littler JW. Tendon transplants for radial and ulnar nerve paralysis. The American Journal of Surgery. 1947 Oct 1;74(4):431-9.
  38. Cusimano MD, Faress A, Chang Y, Luong W. Foramen magnum meningiomas. DeMonte F, Mc Dermott MW, Al-Mefty (eds). Al-Mefty’s Meningiomas, ikinci bask?. New York: Thieme. 2011:296-309.
  39. Ba?al Y, Güleç G, Ertu?rul B, Ery?lmaz A, Günel C, Ba?ak S. Changes in nasal flora one year after endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. B-ENT. 2015;11(2):129-34.
  40. Dean A, Cook N, Rymer M, Pakarian F. A tale of a urethral diverticulum. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2011 Feb 1;31(2):189-90.
  41. Jang M, Dai C. An Effective Surgical Approach for the Management of Recurrent First Branchial Cleft Fistula with Cysts: A Case Report. The journal of international advanced otology. 2017 Dec 1;13(3):419-21.
  42. Abdel-Karim A, Moussa A, Elsalmy S. V678 LAPARO-ENDOSCOPIC SINGLE-SITE (LESS) EXTRAVESICAL REPAIR OF VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA. The Journal of Urology. 2011 Apr 1;185(4):e274.
  43. Zhao Y, Guo J, Li Y. Clinical research of a modified midfacial degloving in a maxillectomy (with a report of a typical case). Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2008 Jun 1;5(3):191-4.
  44. Pushker N, Batra J, Meel R, Bajaj MS, Chawla B, Ghose S. Lateral eyelid rotation flap: a novel technique for reconstruction of full thickness eyelid defect. International ophthalmology. 2015 Dec 1;35(6):793-9.
  45. Ohmi S, Uenoyama K. Decentration associated with asymmetric capsular shrinkage and intraocular lens design in a rabbit model. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 1995 May 1;21(3):293-6.
  46. Saylam B, Balli DN, Düzgün AP, Özer MV, Co?kun F. Which surgical procedure offers the best treatment for pilonidal disease?. Langenbeck's archives of surgery. 2011 Jun 1;396(5):651-8.
  47. Bennett IC, Biggar MA. A triangular advancement technique to avoid the dog-ear deformity following mastectomy in large breasted women. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2011 Oct;93(7):554-5.
  48. de Langen ZJ, Vermey A. Posterolateral neck dissection. Head & neck surgery. 1988 Mar;10(4):252-6.
  49. Kawata S. Trans-Oral Maxillectomy Radical Resection without Facial Incision. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1966 Jan 1;62(1-6):491-504.
  50. Sarraf KM, Belcher E, Price S, Lim E. Clinical application of direct bronchial ultrasound to visualize and determine endobronchial tumor margins for surgical resection. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2008 Oct 1;86(4):1339-41.
  51. Paterson JV, Fraser JS. Intranasal Dacryocystostomy: Intranasal Drainage of the Lacrymal Sac: A Report of 50 Consecutive Cases. The British journal of ophthalmology. 1919 May;3(5):197.
  52. Radhakrishnan J, Alam S, Chin AC. Prune belly syndrome: Errors in management and complications of treatment. J Prog Paediatr Urol. 2014 Jan;17:1-9.
  53. Dawber RP, Bristow I. Traumatic disorders of the nail. InA Text Atlas of Nail Disorders 2003 Dec 16 (pp. 232-278). CRC Press.
  54. Paneva-Holevich E. Two-stage tenoplasty in injury of the flexor tendons of the hand. JBJS. 1969 Jan 1;51(1):21-32.
  55. Bocca E. Transpharyngeal approach to nasopharyngeal fibroma. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 1971 Apr;80(2):171-6.
  56. Bevan AD. II. On the Surgical Anatomy of the Bile-Ducts and a New Incision for their Exposure. Annals of surgery. 1899 Jul;30(1):15.
  57. De Benedetti G, Marra A, Pozzi M. Bypass with basilic autogenous venous graft because of insufficient caliber of the superficial temporal artery. Surgical neurology. 1982 Oct 1;18(4):303-6.
  58. Waltzman MN, Bent JP. Repair of type 1-A and 1-B posterior laryngeal clefts. Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 Dec 1;12(4):252-5.
  59. Lue TF, El-sakka AI. Venous patch graft for Peyronie's disease. Part I: technique. The Journal of urology. 1998 Dec 1;160(6):2047-9.
  60. Kashiwagi S, Kato S, Yasuhara S, Wakuta Y, Yamashita T, Ito H. Use of a split dura for revascularization of ischemic hemispheres in moyamoya disease. Journal of neurosurgery. 1996 Sep;85(3):380-3.
  61. Tiusanen H, Seitsalo S, Österman K, Soini J. Retrograde ejaculation after anterior interbody lumbar fusion. European Spine Journal. 1995 Dec 1;4(6):339-42.
  62. Uchino S, Noguchi S, Yamashita H, Watanabe S. Modified radical neck dissection for differentiated thyroid cancer: operative technique. World journal of surgery. 2004 Dec 1;28(12):1199-203.
  63. Bouman MB, van Zeijl MC, Buncamper ME, Meijerink WJ, van Bodegraven AA, Mullender MG. Intestinal vaginoplasty revisited: a review of surgical techniques, complications, and sexual function. The journal of sexual medicine. 2014 Jul 1;11(7):1835-47.
  64. Bürger RA, Riedmiller H, Knapstein PG, Friedberg V, Hohenfellner R. Ileocecal vaginal construction. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1989 Jul 1;161(1):162-7.
  65. Kremer B, Botos-Kremer AI, Eckel HE, Schlöndorff G. Indications, complications, and surgical techniques for pediatric tracheostomies—an update. Journal of pediatric surgery. 2002 Nov 1;37(11):1556-62.
  66. Murphy DA, MacLean LD, Dobell AR. Tracheal stenosis as a complication of tracheostomy. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 1966 Jan 1;2(1):44-51.
  67. Lubahn JD. Mallet finger fractures: a comparison of open and closed technique. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1989 Mar 1;14(2):394-6.
  68. Tanaka K, Matsumura H, Miyaki T, Watanabe K. An anatomic study of the intermuscular septum of the lower leg; branches from the posterior tibial artery and potential for reconstruction of the lower leg and the heel. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2006 Aug 1;59(8):835-8.
  69. Burwell HN, Scott D. A lateral intermuscular approach to the hip joint for replacement of the femoral head by a prosthesis. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1954 Feb;36(1):104-8.
  70. Braga-Silva J, Kuyven CR, Albertoni W, Faloppa F. The adipofascial turn-over flap for coverage of the dorsum of the finger: a modified surgical technique. The Journal of hand surgery. 2004 Nov 1;29(6):1038-43.
  71. Lee EK, Herr Y, Kwon YH, Shin SI, Lee DY, Chung JH. I-shaped incisions for papilla reconstruction in second stage implant surgery. Journal of periodontal & implant science. 2010 Jun 1;40(3):139-43.
  72. Van de Wal HJ, Hamilton DI, Godman MJ, Harinck E, Lacquet LK, Van Oort A. Pulmonary venous obstruction following correction for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: a challenge. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery. 1992 Jan 1;6(10):545-9.
  73. Sampaio JS, Passarinho A, Oliveira AG, Cristino J, Madeira A, Cardoso P, Bello N. Surgical correction of severe Peyronie's disease without plaque excision. European urology. 1992;22:130-3.
  74. Amatsu M. A new one-stage surgical technique for postlaryngectomy speech. Archives of oto-rhino-laryngology. 1978 Mar 1;220(1-2):149-52.
  75. Lahiri A, Lim AY, Qifen Z, Lim BH. Microsurgical skills training: A new concept for simulation of vessel?wall suturing. Microsurgery: Official Journal of the International Microsurgical Society and the European Federation of Societies for Microsurgery. 2005;25(1):21-4.
  76. Yang HL, Chen KW, Wang GL, Lu J, Ji YM, Liu JY, Wu GZ, Gu Y, Sun ZY. Pre-operative transarterial embolization for treatment of primary sacral tumors. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2010 Oct 1;17(10):1280-5.
  77. Chowdhury UK, Subramaniam GK, Kumar AS, Airan B, Singh R, Talwar S, Seth S, Mishra PK, Pradeep KK, Sathia S, Venugopal P. Pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis: a clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic evaluation of two surgical techniques. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2006 Feb 1;81(2):522-9.
  78. Moore FT, Faulkner T. Repair following pharyngo-oesophago-laryngectomy. British journal of plastic surgery. 1953 Jan 1;6:102-14.
  79. Cope VZ. Acute necrotic parotitis. British Journal of Surgery. 1919;7(25):130-3.
  80. Dedo HH. Transnasal mucosal flap rotation technique for repair of posterior choanal atresia. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 Jun;124(6):674-82.
  81. Iacoangeli M, Di Rienzo A, di Somma LG, Moriconi E, Alvaro L, Re M, Salvinelli F, Carassiti M, Scerrati M. Improving the endoscopic endonasal transclival approach: the importance of a precise layer by layer reconstruction. British journal of neurosurgery. 2014 Apr 1;28(2):241-6.
  82. Al-Nuaimi D, Inkster C, Lobo C. Paediatric powered endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2011 Dec 1;268(12):1823-8.
  83. Fauntleroy AM. V. Traumatic Rupture of the Spleen (Complete); Splenectomy. Annals of surgery. 1913 Jan;57(1):68.
  84. Baker RP, MacKeith SA, Bannister GC. Gluteal fascial transposition for trochanteric bursitis. Hip International. 2005 Oct;15(4):212-7.
  85. Patowary AJ. The Fourth Incision-A Few Modifications in Autopsy Incisions. Governing Council 2010-2012. 2010;32:234.
  86. Al-Bdour MD. Eyebrow to eyelid cilia transplant: a case report. Case Rep Clin Pract Rev. 2005;6:351-.
  87. Kim HS, Kim MG, Kim BS, Yook JH, Kim BS. Totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy using endoscopic linear stapler: early experiences at one institute. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. 2012 Nov 1;22(9):889-97.
  88. Hayashi H, Okabe H, Otao R, Sugiyama S, Nasu I. Right-Side Hepatectomy.
  89. Kuhns BD, Frank RM, Pulido L. Open and arthroscopic surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. Frontiers in surgery. 2015 Dec 2;2:63.
  90. Lien CF, Wang CC, Hwang TZ, Liu CF, Lin BS, Weng HH, Liu CY. Comparison between open partial laryngectomy with tube?free tracheostomy and total laryngectomy for hypopharyngeal cancer with cartilage invasion. Oncology letters. 2018 Oct 1;16(4):4961-9.
  91. Eaton RG. Replacement of the trapezium for arthritis of the basal articulations: a new technique with stabilization by tenodesis. JBJS. 1979 Jan 1;61(1):76-82.
  92. Spyropoulou GA, Jeng SF, Demiri E, Dionyssopoulos A, Feng KM. Reconstruction of perineoscrotal and vaginal defects with pedicled anterolateral thigh flap. Urology. 2013 Aug 31;82(2):461-5.
  93. Heisterkamp J, Marsman HA, Eker H, Metselaar HJ, Tilanus HW, Kazemier G. AJ?shaped subcostal incision reduces the incidence of abdominal wall complications in liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation. 2008 Nov 1;14(11):1655-8.
  94. Kim SH, Cho SY, Lee KW, Park SJ, Han SS. Upper midline incision for living donor right hepatectomy. Liver Transplantation. 2009 Feb 1;15(2):193-8.
  95. LaPolla JP, Schlaerth JB, Gaddis O, Morrow CP. The influence of surgical staging on the evaluation and treatment of patients with cervical carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology. 1986 Jun 1;24(2):194-206.
  96. Zou L, Zhong S, Zhao Y, Zhu J, Chen L. Evaluation of “J”-shaped uterine incision during caesarean section in patients with placenta previa: A retrospective study. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences]. 2010 Apr 1;30(2):212-6.
  97. Kalis V, Stepan Jr J, Horak M, Roztocil A, Kralickova M, Rokyta Z. Definitions of mediolateral episiotomy in Europe. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2008 Feb;100(2):188-9.
  98. Seo HI, Jo HJ, Sim MS, Kim S. Right trisegmentectomy with thoracoabdominal approach after transarterial embolization for giant hepatic hemangioma. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2009 Jul 21;15(27):3437.
  99. Evans DL. Recurrent instability of the ankle—a method of surgical treatment.
  100. von Segesser LK, Westaby S, Pomar J, Loisance D, Groscurth P, Turina M. Less invasive aortic valve surgery: rationale and technique. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery. 1999 Jun 1;15(6):781-5.
  101. Nanni G, Tondolo V, Citterio F, Romagnoli J, Borgetti M, Boldrini G, Castagneto M. Comparison of oblique versus hockey-stick surgical incision for kidney transplantation. InTransplantation proceedings 2005 Jul 1 (Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 2479-2481). Elsevier.
  102. Kianmanesh R, Farges O, Abdalla EK, Sauvanet A, Ruszniewski P, Belghiti J. Right portal vein ligation: a new planned two-step all-surgical approach for complete resection of primary gastrointestinal tumors with multiple bilateral liver metastases. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 Jul 1;197(1):164-70.
  103. Mhatre P, Mhatre J, Magotra R. Ovarian transplant: a new frontier. InTransplantation proceedings 2005 Mar 1 (Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 1396-1398). Elsevier.
  104. Schepsis AA, Leach RE. Surgical management of Achilles tendinitis. The American journal of sports medicine. 1987 Jul;15(4):308-15.
  105. Mangus B, Rivas A, Tsai BS, Haynes DS, Roland JT. Surgical techniques in cochlear implants. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2012 Feb 1;45(1):69-80.
  106. Hsu KF, Yu JC, Chen TW, Jao SW, Chan DC, Chen CJ, Shih ML, Liu YC, Fu CY, Hsieh CB. Experience with reversed L-shaped incision for right hemicolectomy combined with liver resection. World journal of surgery. 2009 Dec 1;33(12):2679-82.
  107. Trnka HJ, Easley ME, Lam PC, Anderson CD, Schon LC, Myerson MS. Subtalar distraction bone block arthrodesis. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 2001 Aug;83(6):849-54.
  108. Chiu S, Wu SJ, Chen MR, Lee ML, Wu MH, Wang JK, Lue HC. Modified arterial switch operation by spiral reconstruction of the great arteries in transposition. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2000 Jun 1;69(6):1887-92.
  109. Nho RL, Mege D, Ouaissi M, Sielezneff I, Sastre B. Incidence and prevention of ventral incisional hernia. Journal of visceral surgery. 2012 Oct 1;149(5):e3-14.
  110. Harrison S, Topley E, Lennard-Jones J. VALUE OF SYSTEMIC PENICILLIN IN FINGER-PULP INFECTIONS: A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF 169 CASES. The Lancet. 1949 Mar 12;253(6550):425-30.
  111. Yamagishi M, Shuntoh K, Fujiwara K, Shinkawa T, Miyazaki T, Kitamura N. “Bay window” technique for the arterial switch operation of the transposition of the great arteries with complex coronary arteries. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2003 Jun 1;75(6):1769-73.
  112. Gallup DG, Jordan GH, Talledo OE. Extraperitoneal lymph node dissections with use of a midline incision in patients with female genital cancer. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1986 Sep 1;155(3):559-64.
  113. Fernandez J. Insertion of Björk-Shiley aortic prosthesis by continuous suture technique. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 1974 Jun 1;17(6):587-90.
  114. Throop FB, DeRosa GP, Reeck C, Waterman S. Correction of equinus in cerebral palsy by the Murphy procedure of tendo calcaneus advancement: a preliminary communication. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 1975 Apr;17(2):182-5.
  115. Ans JB. The J-incision for phacoemulsification. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 1996 Dec 1;22 (10):1401-5.
  116. Foustanos A. Double flap technique: an alternative mastopexy approach. InMastopexy and Breast Reduction 2009 (pp. 97-102). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  117. Pellegrini Jr VD, Tompkins A. Management of subungual keratoacanthoma. The Journal of hand surgery. 1986 Sep 1;11 (5):718-24.
  118. Kozánek M, Bartoní?ek J, Chase SM, Jupiter JB. Treatment of distal humerus fractures in adults: a historical perspective. The Journal of hand surgery. 2014 Dec 1; 39 (12):2481-5.
  119. Stanford E, Romanzi L. Vesicovaginal fistula: what is the preferred closure technique?.
  120. Jones NF. Acute and chronic ischemia of the hand: pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Nov 1; 16 (6):1074-83.
  121. Mirilas P, Skandalakis JE. Surgical anatomy of the retroperitoneal spaces, part V: surgical applications and complications. The American Surgeon. 2010 Apr 1; 76(4):358-64.
  122. Alexander J. The Surgery of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences (1827-1924). 1924 Sep 1; 168(3):412.
  123. Mak MF, Tay GT, Stern R, Assal M. Dual-incision approach for repair of peroneal tendon dislocation associated with fractures of the calcaneus. Orthopedics. 2014 Feb 1; 37(2):96-100.
  124. Sanders G, Borie F, Husson E, Blanc PM, Di Mauro G, Claus C, Millat B. Minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy: lessons learned. Surgical endoscopy. 2007 Jul 1; 21(7):1190-3.
  125. Schuh R, Benca E, Willegger M, Hirtler L, Zandieh S, Holinka J, Windhager R. Comparison of Broström technique, suture anchor repair, and tape augmentation for reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2016 Apr 1; 24(4):1101-7.
  126. Oka Y. Debridement for osteoarthritis of the elbow in athletes. International orthopaedics. 1999 Jun 1; 23(2):91-4.
  127. Drake E, Burym C, Money D, Pugash D, Gunka V. Anaesthetic management of a craniopagus conjoined twin delivery. International journal of obstetric anesthesia. 2008 Apr 1; 17(2):174-6.
  128. Oka Y, Ohta K, Fukuda H. Bone-peg grafting for osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow. International orthopaedics. 1999 Mar 1; 23(1):53-7.
  129. Papacharalampous G, Nikolopoulos TP, Manolopoulos L, Gamatsi I, Yiotakis I, Leandros M, Korres S. Surgical correction of pinna malformations. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery. 2007 Jun 1; 60(6):659-62.
  130. Chitwood WR, Bost WS, Pories WJ, Gowen MA, Saldahna RL. Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: Endoscopic diagnosis and surgical repair. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 1989 Aug 1; 48(2):292-4.
  131. Kwaadu KY, Fleming JJ, Salmon T. Lagged syndesmotic fixation: our clinical experience. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2015 Sep 1; 54(5):773-81.
  132. Kruit AS, van Doesburg MH, Ruhé PQ, de With MC. Mammaplasty in patients with large areola: Reducing the nipple-areola complex using intra-areolar incisions. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 2018 Feb 1;71(2):267-9.
  133. Whealon MD, Moghadamyeghaneh Z, Carmichael JC. Robotic ventral rectopexy. InSeminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery 2016 Sep 1 (Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 160-165). WB Saunders.
  134. Hariharan C, Shrivastava D, Walia M, Agrawal S. Torsion of gravid uterus near term–a rare complication. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2009; 59:455-6.
  135. Young A. PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG: REPORT OF A CASE OF PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE UPPER LOBE OF THE LEFT LUNG, TREATED SUCCESSFULLY BY LOBECTOMY, AND SUBSEQUENT THORACOPLASTY. Annals of surgery. 1934 Jul; 100(1):1-b2.
  136. Leach JL, Verret DJ, Gilmore J. The J-Lift/Internal Face-Lift for Facial Rejuvenation. The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery. 2007 Mar; 24(1):7-14.
  137. Kim KM, Lee SW. Nerve sparing bilateral extravesical detrusorrhaphy. NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS. 2004 Jan 1; 23:103-.
  138. Gortvai P, Roper A. Pott's disease with congenital anomalies of the spine. British Journal of Surgery. 1964 Nov;51(11):841-5.
  139. Dingley HB. Acute Rheumatic Fever Complicating Thoracoplasty Operation. The Indian Medical Gazette. 1951 Feb; 86(2):37.
  140. Smith SA. The diagnosis and treatment of injuries to the crucial ligaments. British Journal of Surgery. 1918; 6(22):176-89.
  141. ?RKÖREN S, ÖZKAN HS, KARACA H, TUNÇYÜREK P, S?VR?O?LU N. Iliac Lymph Node Resection with Modified J Shaped Incision for Improved Exposure in Iliac Metastases: Case Report. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Case Reports. 2015; 23(2):186-9.
  142. El Kollali R. Aesthetic vermilion reconstruction of a post-involuted hemangioma scar. European Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2008 Apr 1; 31(1):37-40.
  143. Grunenwald D, Spaggiari L. Transmanubrial osteomuscular sparing approach for apical chest tumors. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 1997 Feb 1; 63(2):563-6.
  144. He X, Ye P, Hu Y, Huang L, Zhang F, Liu G, Ruan Y, Luo C. A posterior inverted L-shaped approach for the treatment of posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery. 2013 Jan 1; 133(1):23-8.
  145. Orbay JL. The treatment of unstable distal radius fractures with volar fixation. Hand surgery. 2000 Dec; 5(02):103-12.
  146. Turner PL, Webb JK. A surgical approach to the upper thoracic spine. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1987 Aug; 69(4):542-4.
  147. GOLDMAN IB. New technique for corrective surgery of nasal tip. AMA archives of otolaryngology. 1953 Aug 1; 58(2):183-7.
  148. Xia S, Lu Y, Wang H, Wu Z, Wang Z. Open reduction and internal fixation with conventional plate via L-shaped lateral approach versus internal fixation with percutaneous plate via a sinus tarsi approach for calcaneal fractures–A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Surgery. 2014 May 1; 12(5):475-80.
  149. Sen CN, Sekhar LN. Surgical management of anteriorly placed lesions at the craniocervical junction—an alternative approach. Acta neurochirurgica. 1991 Mar 1; 108(1-2):70-7.
  150. Som ML. Hemilaryngectomy–a modified technique for cordal carcinoma

Journal Menu

Browse by Subject